EN 459 – the new European standard for building lime
Summary: EN 459, Part 1 was published, and thus introduced as a harmonized part of the overall standard, in the Official Journal of the EU (OJEU) in December 2010. The main provisions of this standard are examined and discussed here. The standard now has a new structure, its scope has been expanded, and new products and classifications included. The terms and definitions for lime and its various forms have been redrafted. The classifications of the various types of building lime and the related requirements on their chemical and physical properties are discussed.
Until 1995, the product “building lime” (Fig. 1) was subject in a number of European countries only to national regulations. National technical rules concerning this product were then superseded by the adoption of ENV 459, Part 1 into national codes and standards. The requirements for building lime continued in Germany to be defined in DIN 1060, which was fully equivalent to ENV 459, Part 1. A further seven years passed until the finalized publication of the European building lime standard, since it was necessary to define the conformity criteria. Once the entire process had...
Until 1995, the product “building lime” (Fig. 1) was subject in a number of European countries only to national regulations. National technical rules concerning this product were then superseded by the adoption of ENV 459, Part 1 into national codes and standards. The requirements for building lime continued in Germany to be defined in DIN 1060, which was fully equivalent to ENV 459, Part 1. A further seven years passed until the finalized publication of the European building lime standard, since it was necessary to define the conformity criteria. Once the entire process had been completed with adherence to the CEN regulatory instruments, EN 459, Part 1 was published in the Official Journal of the EU in 2002, and attained validity in Europe after its adoption into national codes and standards. This standard was, therefore, the second European standard under the auspices of the EU Building Products Directive, 89/106/EEC, after the EN 197, Part 1, cement standard. The elaboration and further refinement of the European building lime standard, which started within the newly formed CEN/TC 51/WG 11 working group in 1989, continues under Mandate M114 of the Commission of the EU. The complete EN 459 “package” of standards consists of three parts:
Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria
Part 2: Test methods
Part 3: Conformity evaluation
CEN rules require that a European standard be reviewed after a maximum of five years. The complexity of the use of lime in Europe necessitated revision of this European standard for building lime, on the basis of CEN/TC 51 resolution No. 402, “Cement and building lime”, as early as 2004. The work of Working Group 11 was supported by experts in three further sub-groups:
TG 1 – Test methods
TG 2 – Definitions and requirements
TG 3 – Lime with hydraulic properties
It became clear, even at the start of the revision of the building lime standard, that the requests for changes were so far-reaching that a completely new standard would be the ultimate result. The range of applications needed to be expanded (to include soil treatment, for example), the functionality of products containing lime emphasized, and new products and requirements included. The essential changes can be summarized as follows:
– Restructuring of EN 459, Part 1 (Fig. 2) to improve comprehension, by means of clear differentiation between calcium lime (“air lime”) and lime with hydraulic properties. Each section is divided into subsections on the basis of composition and characteristic properties (“air lime” into “calcium lime” and “dolomitic lime”, “lime with hydraulic properties” into “natural hydraulic lime [NHL]”, “formulated lime [FL]” and “hydraulic lime [HL]”). These sections include the corresponding definitions, specifications and conformity criteria.
– Enlargement of the standard‘s scope to include soil treatment and asphalt.
– The definitions of lime and its various forms have been formulated more specifically compared to EN 459, Part 1:2001, resulting in unequivocal delineation vis-à-vis other Ca/Mg compounds.
– A new parameter, “available lime”, has been included.
– A new product type, DL 90, has been introduced among the dolomitic limes, and is sub-classified by its MgO content.
– The parameters of “reactivity” and “particle size distribution”, which are necessary for the use of lime and dolomitic lime for civil engineering purposes, have been added. The individual categories include the requirements valid in Europe.
– A new product group, “formulated lime”, a preparation consisting of calcium lime and hydraulic components, has been introduced. This new binder can be adapted to meet specific requirements, provided product requirements are met. Producers are required to declare the composition of this binder. Annex D defines the way in which this is to be done, and the permissible constituents.
– “Limes with hydraulic properties” are characterized by their strength classes and by the “available lime” requirements.
– The change in the conformity level, following the amendment of the mandate from 2 to 2+, necessitated revision of the conformity assessment, which is described in Annex ZA in Part 1, and resulted in fundamental revision of Part 3.
prEN 459, Part 1 was approved by WG 11 in late August, 2007. Following approval within TC 51, the CEN enquiry was conducted in the second half of 2008. The European states were requested to submit their comments on the draft of EN 459, Part 1. WG 11 was required to respond to a total of 250 comments, receiving assistance in its work from the “task groups” (TGs) and the national mirror committees. After completion of the finalized draft standard, the formal vote was initiated in Europe in 2010; twenty-six member states accepted the standard, with four abstaining. This is equivalent to 100 % acceptance, since abstentions are not taken into account in the analysis of the voting results. The changes contained in the new standard are discussed below.
The new building lime standard is notable for clear classification of building limes into air lime (calcium lime and dolomitic lime) and lime with hydraulic properties (natural hydraulic limes [NHL], formulated lime [FL] and hydraulic limes [HL]), separate sections containing the conformity criteria, and restructured annexes. This new structure is illustrated in Figure 2, and makes the comprehension and application of the standard significantly easier (Fig. 3).
The 2001 edition of the building lime standard did not include civil engineering applications (Fig. 4) for lime and dolime products. It had been necessary to apply national rules here, since CE marking of building lime was not covered in this sector. It was specified, in order to assure uniform European procedure, that the building lime standard applies to building lime used for:
– the preparation of binders for mortar (e.g. mortars for masonry, rendering and plasters);
– for the production of other construction products (e.g. for calcium silicate bricks, autoclaved aerated concrete, concrete, etc.);
– civil-engineering applications (e.g. soil treatment, asphalt mixtures, etc.).
The essential terms and definitions have been reformulated vis-à-vis EN 459, Part 1:2001-10. Lime is, therefore, no longer simply a material comprising any physical and chemical forms under which calcium and/or magnesium oxide (CaO and MgO) and/or hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2) can occur; instead, these physical and chemical forms are produced by the thermal decomposition (calcination) of naturally occurring calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk, shells, for example) or of naturally occurring calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomitic limestone and dolomite, for example). Building lime itself is a group of lime products exclusively consisting of two families: air lime and lime with hydraulic properties, and used in and/or in materials for civil-engineering applications.
Air lime is lime in accordance with the above definition which combines and hardens with atmospheric carbon dioxide. It has no hydraulic properties and is divided into two sub-families, namely calcium lime (CL) and dolomitic lime (DL). Secondary calcium hydroxide from other technological processes is no longer covered by the term “building lime”.
Lime with hydraulic properties is a building lime consisting mainly of calcium hydroxide, calcium silicates and calcium aluminates. It has the property of setting and hardening when mixed with water and/or under water. Reaction with atmos-pheric carbon dioxide is part of the hardening process. Lime with hydraulic properties is divided into three sub-families, natural hydraulic lime (NHL), formulated lime (FL) and hydraulic lime (HL). Further subdivision of air limes and of limes with hydraulic properties is examined together with the relevant requirements in the following sections.
The types of calcium lime continue to be classified as CL with the numerical suffixes 90, 80 or 70 and the delivery form. The classification criteria are (CaO + MgO), MgO, SO3 and CO2 contents and the new parameter of “available lime” (Table 1). Air limes are, in addition, also classified by their delivery form as quicklime (Q), slaked lime (S), lime putty (S PL) and milk of lime (S ML). The analytical data for the hydrate form must, as previously, be calculated free of the content of water and bound water, in order that the requirement data apply for all forms.
Calcium lime is an air lime consisting predominantly of calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide, with no hydraulic or pozzolanic additions, and is produced in the following forms:
– Quicklime (CaO), an air lime predominantly in the oxide form, which reacts exothermically on contact with water. Quicklime is available in a range of sizes, from lump to powder.
– Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2), an air lime predominantly in the hydroxide form, produced by the controlled slaking of quicklime. Hydrated lime is available as powder, putty, slurry or milk of lime.
The chemical requirements for calcium lime have been expanded by the “available lime” parameter. This parameter defines the mass fraction of calcium lime which, in an aqueous suspension with sugar, enters into an acid/base reaction to a calcium saccharate complex, which can then be titrated under defined conditions using hydrochloric acid. The CaO or Ca(OH)2 content of the calcium lime reactive under these conditions is registered directly. The test method is specified in EN 459, Part 2, and is examined in more detail in the second part of this publication.
The additional inclusion of this parameter in the requirements took place at the request of the member states in which determination of available lime had been described in the national standards applicable up to 2002, and in which determination of this parameter is routine laboratory practice. Since it had not proven possible to achieve agreement concerning a test procedure during the drafting phase for the first European building lime standard, available lime was not included in the edition which attained validity in 2001, and was postponed to the first revision phase. TG 1 was entrusted with the drafting of the test method, and developed suitable procedures both for calcium lime and for lime with hydraulic properties, validating them statistically in round-robin tests. The building lime products available on the market were, in addition, tested for available lime, in order to ensure that the new requirement data conformed to the previous classification of building limes.
A further change in the requirement data stated in Table 1 has been incorporated into the CO2 data in Footnote b. Here, exceeding the respective required value for CO2 is permissible provided the remaining parameters permanently fulfill the corresponding classification. In accordance with Table 7 of the standard, the producer is responsible for specifications for the tests performed in the factory production control (FPC). More details of this are provided in Part 3 (Conformity) of this publication.
The 2001 edition of the standard required testing of the soundness and yield of quicklime. The former remained a normative requirement, while the latter was transferred to the informative Annex B.
Until 1997, the draft version contained requirements for building lime for soil stabilization. Following the formation of TC 227 and the drafting of application standards for the underground civil engineering sector, these were removed from the draft building lime standard, with a note drawing attention to the drafting of requirement data within the WG responsible for lime. Following the introduction of EN 459, Part 1 and EN 14227, Part 11, it became apparent that CE marking would thus not be achievable for building lime in the underground civil engineering sector, however, since this field of application was no longer covered by the building lime standard. National codes and standards, where not already existent, were therefore drafted and applied for the underground civil engineering sector.
The signals received from the market made it clearly apparent that it would be necessary to establish the civil engineering application in the building lime standard again. An initial conceptual solution consisted of a survey of the European countries concerning requirements for lime for soil treatment. This indicated that the reactivity of a quicklime or of a dolomitic quicklime, and their particle size distribution, are the essential parameters, but exhibit significant variations, depending on the classification of the building limes and the various civil engineering methods. In particular, for one and the same type of building lime, differing times tT in min. up to the achievement of the specified temperature T in °C apply for reactivity, measured using the wet slaking curve method in accordance with EN 459, Part 2:2001. The solution is depicted in Tables 2 and 3, with the introduction of Classes Rx and Py, which include all requirements applicable in Europe for calcium quicklime, with the result that the individual countries can select the classes relevant for them in the soil treatment sector. The classes for reactivity and particle size distribution are a component of CE marking (see Section 6).
It should be noted at this point that the requirements for reactivity and particle size distribution apply, in accordance with Mandate M114 (see Section 7) and Annex ZA.1 of this stand-ard (see Section 8), to all calcium and dolomitic quicklimes. Classes Rsv and Psv must therefore also be taken into account in CE marking in accordance with Sections 6.1 and 6.2 in cases in which no national stipulations exist for the parameters of reactivity and particle size distribution. Classes Rsv and Psv can then also be stated in cases in which national provisions exist but deviate from the requirements contained in the standard.
The physical requirements for hydrated lime and lime putty remain unchanged. Particle size and free water content must, therefore, be tested, whereas further requirements, such as soundness, penetration value and air content apply only in the case of hydrated lime for masonry mortars and for rendering and plasters. It should be noted in the case of these mortar tests, however, that the value for flow, to be tested in accordance with EN 459, Part 2, has been changed from (185 ± 3) mm to (165 ± 3) mm. This change, which has also been made for some types of lime with hydraulic properties, results in a test mortar with a consistency similar to that of a fresh mortar for application, and prepared with a lower water demand.
Two types of dolomitic lime, a DL 85 and a DL 80, have been standardized in the building lime standard up to now. The revised standard now includes two further types of DL 90 (Table 4). Types of dolomitic lime are classified, as previously, as DL (Dolomitic Lime) with the numerical suffixes 90, 85 and 80, on the basis of (CaO + MgO) content and, additionally, on the basis of minimum MgO content (30/5). The chemical requirements are listed in Table 5. The CO2 requirements have been adjusted for all product types. In DL 90‑5 and DL 80‑5, the MgO content must be greater than 5 %. In addition, dolomitic limes are also classified by their delivery form as quicklimes (Q) or slaked limes (S). Semi-hydrated dolomitic lime is classified as (S1). As previously, the analytical data for the hydrate form must be calculated free of the content of water and bound water, so that the requirement data will apply to all forms.
Dolomitic lime is an air lime consisting predominantly of calcium magnesium oxide and/or calcium magnesium hydroxide with no hydraulic or pozzolanic addition and is produced in the following forms:
– Dolomitic quicklime (CaOMgO), an air lime, predominantly in the oxide form which reacts exothermically on contact with water. Quicklime is available in a range of sizes, from lump to powder.
– Dolomitic hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2MgO), an air lime predominantly in the hydroxide form, produced by controlled slaking of quicklime. Dolomitic lime consists predominantly of calcium hydroxide and magnesium oxide.
As in the case of calcium lime, the requirements for reactivity (Table 6) and particle size distribution (Table 3) have also been included for dolomitic lime, in addition to the previous requirement for soundness. The explanatory notes in Section 4.2 also apply analogously to dolomitic lime. The physical requirements for dolomitic hydrated lime did not change.
EN 459, Part 1:2001-10 standardized natural hydraulic lime (NHL) and hydraulic lime (HL) in Strength Classes 2, 3.5 and 5. Mixtures consisting of NHL and additional material (Z) were also permitted. Such “Special products, to which up to 20 % (by mass) of suitable pozzolanic or hydraulic materials have been added”, were designated NHL‑Z.
It was necessary, in order to permit clear differentiation between natural hydraulic limes and mixed products, to take into account the fact that
– the “natural hydraulic lime” designation may be applied only to a lime produced by burning of more or less argillaceous or siliceous natural limestones, slaked to powder, with or without grinding;
– further limes have now been introduced to the market and are mixed on site as a binder consisting of CL lime and pozzolanic or hydraulic components. Such a binder should be produced industrially and thus be subject to the building lime standard and CE marking. Due to their higher lime contents, these products do not conform to the classification of a hydraulic lime (HL). It was therefore necessary to introduce a new product class which closed the gap in Ca(OH)2 content between a CL 70 and a HL 2;
– NHL‑Z products should be included in this new product class;
– the composition of the products in the new product class must be declared and, finally:
– the Ca(OH)2 content must be determined and stated as available Ca(OH)2 and a new analytical procedure developed to replace the Franke method.
The new product class is referred to as “Formulated lime”, with the notation “FL”; the classification is examined in Section 5.2. Lime with hydraulic properties is by definition (Section 3.4 in EN 459, Part 1:2010) a building lime consisting primarily of calcium hydroxide, calcium silicates and calcium aluminates.
Lime with hydraulic properties, when appropriately batched and mixed with aggregate and water, produces mortar or concrete which retains its workability for a sufficient time and after predetermined periods achieves a specified strength and also long-term volume stability. Lime with hydraulic properties has an initial set, is classified according to its mechanical compressive strength and has a defined range of available lime contents. Lime with hydraulic properties has the property of setting and hardening when mixed with water and by reaction with carbon dioxide from the air (carbonation).
Natural hydraulic lime is a lime with hydraulic properties produced by burning of more or less argillaceous or siliceous limestones with reduction to powder by slaking with or without grinding. The hydraulic properties result from the special chemical composition of the natural raw material. Natural hydraulic lime contains no other additions.
Formulated lime is a lime with hydraulic properties consisting predominantly of air lime (CL) and/or natural hydraulic lime (NHL) with added hydraulic and/or pozzolanic material. The compositions of these limes must be declared in the CE marking.
Hydraulic lime is a binder consisting of lime and other additions such as cement, blast furnace slag, fly ash, limestone filler and other suitable materials.
The previous classification of NHL and HL on the basis of minimum compressive strengths 2, 3.5 and 5 remains valid (Table 8). The new types of formulated lime FL are classified on the basis of available lime content in the form of calcium hydroxide (Table 7) and minimum compressive strengths (Table 8). This results in nine types of FL: FL A, B and C, each in Strength Classes 2, 3.5 and 5 (Tables 7 and 8).
The previous requirement for sulfur content, expressed as SO3, remains valid in the case of HL, at a maximum of 3 %, whereas a maximum of only 2 % is permitted for NHL and FL. The requirements for the parameter of “free lime” or “available lime” for HL and NHL in EN 459, Part 1:2001 related to water-free and bound water-free substance. This parameter has been radically redefined in the new edition of the standard:
– The new designation is: Available lime in the form of Ca(OH)2
– The Franke method is superseded by a new test procedure (this is described in Part 2 of this publication)
– The requirement figures for NHL have been raised
– The requirement figures for HL are unchanged, but are now expressed as Ca(OH)2
– The requirement figures for FL are stated in classes
The standard strengths of limes with hydraulic properties are the compressive strengths determined in accordance with EN 459, Part 2, and must conform to the requirements shown in Table 8. For products of Strength Class 5, compressive strength is to be determined, as previously, in accordance with EN 196, Part 1. EN 459, Part 2 requires adjustment of the water/binder ratio to accord with bulk density in the case of the other classes. A higher Ca(OH)2 content necessitates a higher water content for preparation of the test mortar for the strength test. The storage of prisms at a relative air humidity of not less than 60 % is permissible for NHL 2, FL 2 and FL 3.5.
The physical requirements remain unchanged. Particle size and free water content must be determined for all products, whereas other requirements, such as soundness, penetration value, air content and setting times apply only in the case of the masonry mortar, rendering and plaster applications. It must be noted in the context of these mortar tests, however, that the value for flow (to be tested in accordance with EN 459, Part 2) has been changed from (185 ± 3) mm to (165 ± 3) mm in the case of NHL 2, FL 2, NHL 3.5 and FL 3.5. The requirement figures for setting times have been adjusted in the case of NHL and FL. Only few test results were available for NHL products during drafting of the first edition of the standard, with the result that the requirements applicable to HL were also adopted for NHL.
The composition of formulated lime must be stated by the producer in accordance with the requirements in the new Annex D to EN 459, Part 1. Type CL and NHL building limes, cements in conformity to EN 197, Part 1 (CEM I, CEM II and CEM III) exclusively on the basis of the constituents in annex D, D.1.3, and also other constituents in accordance with EN 197, Part 1 (annex D, D.1.3) are permitted as main constituents. The latter constituents, and calcium sulfate and silica dust as well, are also permissible as individual minor constituents without a manufacturer‘s declaration up to a content of 5 % by mass. All minor constituents must be stated if the total minor constituent content exceeds 10 %.
Organic additives must be declared on the CE mark under the name of the formulated lime if their content exceeds 0.2 % by mass. The mass content and individual types must be declared. Mineral additives, such as compounds of iron or tin for the treatment of chromium, must be declared if their content exceeds 1 % by mass.
Calcium lime must be identified by its notation and by the form of the product (see Section 4.1) and by the physical requirements in the case of quicklime (see Section 4.2) (see examples below).
EXAMPLE 1
Calcium lime 90, in the form of quicklime, reactivity R2, particle size distribution P2, is identified as follows:
EN 459-1 CL 90-Q (R2, P2)
EXAMPLE 2
Calcium lime 80, in the form of hydrated lime, is identified as follows:
EN 459-1 CL 80-S
EXAMPLE 3
Calcium lime 90, in the form of lime putty, is identified as follows:
EN 459-1 CL 90-S PL
Dolomitic lime must be identified by its notation and by the form of the product (see Section 4.3) and, in the case of quicklime, by the physical requirements (see Section 4.4) (see examples below).
EXAMPLE 1
Dolomitic lime 90-30, in the form of quicklime, reactivity R2 and particle size distribution P4, is identified as follows:
EN 459-1 DL 90-30-Q (R2, P2)
EXAMPLE 2
Dolomitic lime 85-30, in the form of semi-hydrated lime, is identified as follows:
EN 459-1 DL 85-30-S1
Natural hydraulic lime is designated NHL and is classified by its compressive strength class (Table 8) (see example below).
EXAMPLE
Natural hydraulic lime 3.5 is identified as follows:
EN 459-1 NHL 3.5
Formulated lime is designated FL and is classified on the basis of its available lime content (Table 7), strength class (Table 8) and composition in accordance with Annex D.
EXAMPLE
A formulated lime with an available lime content of between 25 % and 50 % by mass and a compressive strength of greater than 5 MPa, consisting of 55 % calcium lime (CL 55), 30 % clinker (K 30), 10 % limestone filler (L 10), plus 2 % iron sulfate and 0.5 % water retainer, is identified as follows:
EN 459-1 FL B 5
Contains cement
CL55, K30, L10
Iron sulfate: 2 %
Water retainer: 0.5 %
Hydraulic lime is designated HL and is classified on the basis of its compressive strength class (Table 8) (see example below).
EXAMPLE
Hydraulic lime 5 is identified as follows:
EN 459-1 HL 5
European Commission Mandate M114 concerning the “Cement, building lime and other hydraulic binders” product family was published in 1997. This document addressed to CEN harmonizes adoption of the 89/106/EEC Construction Products Directive into the relevant European standards. TC 51 is responsible for the corresponding standards, and responds to this mandate if significant features of the mandate change. The scope of applicability has been expanded in the standard, and the new parameters of “available lime” and “reactivity” incorporated, relative to EN 459, Part 1. Particle size distribution in the case of finely ground limes is already covered by the “Fineness” parameter. In addition, the Commission approved as early as 2008 the application for alteration of the conformity level from 2 to 2+. This decision was published only recently in the from of Document 2010/683/EU, and is not included in Annex ZA.2.1 to EN 459, Part 1, published in September, 2010. An amendment to this standard will therefore be necessary.
↓
The normative Annex A describes the statistical assessment procedure for all properties of building limes. The correlation with the tests and analyses performed in the factory production control and conformity evaluation is described in the third part of this publication. The informative Annex B contains requirements which may be made additionally to those in this standard, or in application standards for building lime, or may be required by users. This section now contains the “Yield” parameterfor quick limes, which has been deleted from the requirement section. New inclusions are the bulk densities of all lime types, which are necessary, at least in the case of limes with hydraulic properties, for mixing of the mortar for testing of compressive strength. The informative Annex C contains a diagram of the applications for lime and for types of lime included in this standard under the classification of “building lime”. The normative Annex D describes the declaration of the composition of formulated lime. The main and minor constituents, as well as additives, table declared by the producers, are listed. Examples of standard designation are also provided. Finally, Annex ZA defines the relationship between this standard and the requirements of the EC Construction Products Directive. This annex specifies the conditions for CE marking of building limes for application purposes, and lists the applicable sections. The system for attestation of conformity is equivalent to System 2+.
EN 459, Part 1 and EN 459, Part 2 were published in September, 2010. The national standardization institutes then had three months to draft their national language versions. The draft of EN 459, Part 3 has been undergoing the two-month period of formal vote among the CEN member states since January 2011. Publication of this third part of this standard may be anticipated, after discussion of comments in WG 11 and the drafting of the final version, in May 2011.
EN 459, Part 1 was published, and thus introduced as a harmonized standard, in the Official Journal of the EU (OJEU) in December 2010. A twelve-month transition period starting on 1st June 2011 is specified, during which the producers are required to modify their factory production controls (FPC) and consult the notified body for inspection of the FPC and for certification in accordance with the requirements stated in Annex ZA of EN 459, Part 1. CE marking of all building limes available on the market must also be modified to conform with the requirements of the new EN 459, Part 1.
The test methods contained in the new EN 459, Part 2 are discussed in the second part of this publication. The third part will then examine all aspects of conformity criteria and conformity evaluation. This will include frequencies of testing and statistical evaluation for manufacturer autocontrol testing, requirements for FPC, including its inspection and certification, and the interaction of all tasks and functions in the context of conformity evaluation.
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